Open agriculture: Toxicity evaluation of metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, and methoxyfenozide as pesticides in Indonesia

Natawigena, Wahyu Daradjat; Rifasta, Muhammad Ilfadry; Susanto, Agus; Wilar, Gofarana; Suhandi, Cecep

Bibliographic data

fullscreen: Toxicity evaluation of metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, and methoxyfenozide as pesticides in Indonesia / Natawigena, Wahyu Daradjat (CC BY)

Access restriction

There is no access restriction for this record.

Copyright

CC BY: Attribution 4.0 International. You can find more information here.

Files

External resources

Periodical

Title:: Open agriculture

Publication:: Warsaw: de Gruyter Open

Note:: Open Access; Namensnennung 4.0 International

Scope:: Online-Ressource

ISSN:: 2391-9531

ZDB-ID:: 2864636-8

VÖBB-Katalog:: 35262027

Keywords:: Zeitschrift

Classification:: Landwirtschaft

DDC Group:: 630 Landwirtschaft, Veterinärmedizin

Collection:: Landwirtschaft

Copyright:: Rights reserved

Accessibility:: Free Access

Article

Author:: Natawigena, Wahyu Daradjat; Rifasta, Muhammad Ilfadry; Susanto, Agus; Wilar, Gofarana; Suhandi, Cecep

Title:: Toxicity evaluation of metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, and methoxyfenozide as pesticides in Indonesia

Publication:: Warsaw: de Gruyter Open, 2025

Language:: English

Information:: Abstract: Pesticides are substances widely used to control or eliminate pests, including weeds, insects, and other harmful organisms. Agricultural pesticides, in particular, must meet specific safety and quality standards before being marketed. In this study, the acute and chronic toxicity of metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, and methoxyfenozide were predicted using quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis through the EPI Suite program. Furthermore, in vivo testing was conducted to evaluate skin irritation, eye irritation, and skin sensitization based on modified OECD 404, OECD 405, and OECD 406 guidelines. The QSAR analysis indicated that all three pesticides have low acute and chronic toxicity profiles. In the skin irritation and skin sensitization tests, metsulfuron-methyl (100 mg), nicosulfuron (125 mg), and methoxyfenozide (150 mg) showed a primary irritation score of 0 and a sensitization score of 0, indicating no irritant or sensitization effects on rabbit and guinea pig skin. In the eye irritation test, metsulfuron-methyl caused mild conjunctival redness and eyelid swelling, with an average irritation score of 1.25, classifying it as a mild irritant (Category 2B). In contrast, nicosulfuron and methoxyfenozide did not cause any observable eye irritation, with an irritation score of 0. These findings suggest that while metsulfuron-methyl may cause mild eye irritation, all three pesticides are non-irritating to the skin and do not induce skin sensitization. This research provides essential toxicological data for regulatory safety evaluations and underscores the importance of integrating QSAR analysis with in vivo methods to assess pesticide safety comprehensively.

Scope:: Online-Ressource

Note:: Open Access; Archivierung/Langzeitarchivierung gewährleistet

Keywords:: irritation test ; sensitization test ; metsulfuron-methyl ; nicosulfuron ; methoxyfenozide ; toxicity

Classification:: Landwirtschaft; Sonstiges

URN:: urn:nbn:de:101:1-2505150509133.941957868060

Collection:: Landwirtschaft; Sonstiges

Copyright:: CC BY

Accessibility:: Free Access

Access restriction

Copyright

Files

Periodical

Article

Table of contents

Downloads

Full record

Image fragment

Formats and links

Links

Cite

Full record

Citation recommendation